This essay presents the analysis of conflict history over freshwater in several drainage basins across the planet. As will be demonstrated in this essay, unilateral water policies have proved to reduce the role and prospect of water treaties and international water sharing regimes, and led to political tensions and conflicts. Using the case studies of conflict history in the Aral Sea Basin, the Jordan River Basin, the Ganges-Brahmaputra River system and the Tigris-Euphrates River Basin, the author assesses a conflict potential (...) and underscores that the necessity for sustained basin wide water treaties will increase along with the growing demand for freshwater. The central argument of the essay is that unilateral diversions of water flows will instigate wars between riparian states because of the rising demand for freshwater in the future. (shrink)

1 Che cose il nichilismo? Se il nichilismo è una malattia, come ripetono concordi tutti coloro che ne hanno parlato, vorrei proporne una diagnosi e una terapia. Se applicata con la dovuta attenzione, vedrete, potrete guarire in due minuti e spendendo meno di un Euro. La lunga diagnosi scritta da Nietzsche a Lenzerheide, in una stanza umida e buia che certo non avrà aiutato, insiste sul fatto che con il nichilismo vien meno la risposta alla domanda «perché», come dire (...) «a che scopo». Dal punto... (shrink)

Eu estava no campinho de futebol da casa dos meus pais, os quero-queros tinham feito ninho e seus três filhotes pequenos estavam aprendendo a comer bicando lá sei eu o quê numa parte mais úmida, onde nas chuvas corria uma fonte. Quando os quero-queros faziam ninho, cessavam todas as peladas. Não havia nem discussão, afinal eles moravam aí antes de chegarem os humanos, o terreno era deles, nós éramos os invasores. Um gato espreitava os filhotes, pronto para dar o bote. (...) Em vez de dar de ombros e dizer “é a lei da natureza”, espantei o gato. (shrink)

This has all the appearance of being a straightforward, even conventional, transition. Indeed, the conceit of Night′s chariot is common and has a history stretching back at least as far as the beginning of the fifth century B.C. Night is elsewhere described by Virgil as umida, the epithet reflecting the traditional view that Night, like Dawn , arises from and sinks back into the stream of Ocean. In fact, the chariot of Night had been referred to as recently as (...) lines 721 and 738 of this book, in the latter instance with the epithet umida applied to Night. What is new and interesting in our passage is the ‘meta caeli’ round which Night′s chariot turns. The effect of this novelty is to make of Night′s vehicle a racing chariot, as it is the chariots in the Circus that must negotiate a meta. The programmatic reasons for Virgil′s having done this in Book 5 are obvious. Earlier in the book Virgil had described the games held in honour of the anniversary of Anchises′ death. The first and most elaborately portrayed event in these games had been the boat-race, which is plainly modelled on the chariot-race in Iliad 23, the first and most elaborately portrayed event in the funeral games for Patroclus. Just as Achilles had required the competing chariots to race once around a distant turning-post, so Aeneas requires the competing ships to race once around a rock out at sea, which rock is three times called a meta . A simile comparing the sailors and their ships to charioteers and their teams makes the connection explicit. (shrink)